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STANDARD
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Domestic
and non-domestic needs
The recommended values for domestic and non-domestic purposes are given in Table
2.1
TABLE 2.1
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Sl. No.
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Classification of towns/cities
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Recommended maximum Water Supply Levels (lpcd)
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1.
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Towns
provided with piped
water supply but
without sewerage
system
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70
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2.
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Cities
provided with piped
water supply where
sewerage system is
existing/
contemplating
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135
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3.
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Metropolitan
and Mega cities
provided piped water
supply where sewerage
system is
existing/contemplated
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150
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Note:
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In urban areas, where water is provided through public Standposts, 40 lpcd
should be considered;
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Figures exclude “Unaccounted for water (UFW)” which should be limited to 15%
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Figures include requirements of water for commercial, institutional and minor
industries. However, the bulk supply to such establishments should be assessed
separately with proper justification.
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The water requirements for
institutions shou8ld be provided in addition to the provisions indicated in (a)
above, where required, if they are of considerable magnitude and not covered in
the provisions already made. The individual requirements would be as follows:
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Sl. No.
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Institutions
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Litres per head
per day
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1.
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Hospital
(including
laundry)
(a).
No. of beds exceeding
100
(b).
No. of beds not
exceeding 100
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450
(per bed)
340
(per bed)
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2.
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Hotels
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180
(per bed)
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3.
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Hostels
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135
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4.
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Nurses’
homes and medical
quarters
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135
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5.
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Boarding
schools/colleges
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135
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6.
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Restaurants
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70
(per seat)
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7.
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Air
ports and sea
ports
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70
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8.
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Junction
sta5tions and
intermediate stations
where mail or express
stoppage (both
railways or bus
stations) is
provided
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70
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9.
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Terminal
stations
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45
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10.
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Intermediate
stations (excluding
mail and express
stops)
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45
(could be reduced to
25 where bathing
facilities are not
provided)
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11.
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Day
schools/colleges
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45
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12.
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Offices
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45
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13.
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Factories
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45
(could be reduced to
30 where no bathrooms
are provided)
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14.
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Cinema,
concert halls and
theatre
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15
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It is usual to provide for fire fighting demand as a coincident draft on
the distribution system along with the normal supply to the consumers as
assumed. A provision in kilometers per day based on the formula of 100vp where,
p=population in thousands may be adopt for communities larger than 50,000. It
is desirable that one third fire-fighting requirements form part of the service
storage. The balance requirement may be distributed in several static tanks at
strategic points. These static tanks may be filled from the nearby ponds,
streams or canals by water tankers wherever feasible. The high rise buildings
should be provided with adequate fire storage from the protected water supply
distribution. |
Industrial
needs
While the per capita rates of supply recommended will ordinarily include the
requirement of small industries (other than factories) distributed within a
town, separate provisions will have to be included for meeting the demands
likely to be made by specific industries within the urban areas. The forecast
of this demand will be based on the nature and magnitude of each such industry
and the quantity of water required per unit of production. The potential for
industrial expansion should be carefully investigated, so that the availability
of adequate water supply may attract such industries and add to the economic
prosperity of the community. As can be seen from, the tabulation, the
quantities of water used by industry vary widely. They are also affected by
many factors such as cost and availability of water, waste disposal problems,
management and the types of processes involved. Individual studies of the water
requirement of a specific industry should, be made for each location, the
values given below serving only as guidelines. In the context of reuse of water
in several industries, the requirement of fresh water is getting reused
considerably.
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Industry |
Unit of production |
Water requirement
in Kilometers per unit |
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Automobile |
Vehicle |
40 |
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Distillery |
(Kilolitre Alcohol) |
122-170 |
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Fertilizer |
Tonne |
80-200 |
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Leather |
100Kg (tanned) |
4 |
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Paper |
Tonne |
200-400 |
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Special quality
paper |
Tonne |
400-1000 |
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Straw board |
Tonne |
75-100 |
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Petroleum refinery |
Tonne(crude) |
1-2 |
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Steel |
Tonne |
200-2580 |
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Sugar |
Tonne (cane
crushed) |
1-2 |
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Textile |
100Kg (goods) |
8-14 |
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Piped water supplies should be designed on continues 24 hours basis to
distribute water to consumers at adequate pressure at all points. Intermittent
supplies are neither desirable from the public health point of view nor
economical. For towns where one-storeyed buildings are common and for supply to
the ground level storage tanks in multi storeyed buildings, the minimum
residual pressure at ferrule point should be 7m for direct supply. Where two
storeyed buildings are common, it may be 12m and where three storeyed buildings
are prevalent 17m or as stipulated by locals’ byelaws. The pressure required
for fire fighting would have to be boosted by the fire engines.
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